Introduction
The Mongol, which existed during the 13th and 14th centuries, was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Beginning in the Central Asian steppes, it eventually stretched from Central Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into Siberia, eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and the Iranian plateau, and westwards as far as the Levant and Arabia. The empire unified Mongol and Turkic tribes of historical
Mongolia under the leadership of Genghis Khan, who was proclaimed ruler of all
Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and then under his
descendants, who sent invasions in every direction.
The vast transcontinental empire connected the east with the west with an enforced Pax Mongolica allowing trade, technologies, commodities, and ideologies to be disseminated and exchanged across Eurasia. Mongol conquests resulted in some of the most destructive wars in human history, with historian K. S. Lal estimating 80 million casualties from Mongol invasions of the Indian subcontinent alone. In Iran, extermination, disease, and destruction of irrigation resulting in mass emigration and famine caused drastic population decline. Historian Steve Hall estimates that three quarters of the population, about 10 to 15 million people, died, and that Iran's population did not reach its pre-Mongol levels again until the 20th century.
The vast transcontinental empire connected the east with the west with an enforced Pax Mongolica allowing trade, technologies, commodities, and ideologies to be disseminated and exchanged across Eurasia. Mongol conquests resulted in some of the most destructive wars in human history, with historian K. S. Lal estimating 80 million casualties from Mongol invasions of the Indian subcontinent alone. In Iran, extermination, disease, and destruction of irrigation resulting in mass emigration and famine caused drastic population decline. Historian Steve Hall estimates that three quarters of the population, about 10 to 15 million people, died, and that Iran's population did not reach its pre-Mongol levels again until the 20th century.
Here is a brief explanation of the Mongolian empire in a short video from rise to fall.
Here we have a interactive on what empires invaded the middle east. Later you can see the Mongolian Empire.